Why Quantum?

There are simple ways to think about the mysteries of our quantum reality, but first of all, it is necessary to have some kind of quantum gravity to complete gravity relativity. Without a quantum gravity to complement quantum charge force, people take schizophrenic jumps between the two worlds of quantum charge and gravity relativity.

Quantum gravity exists as complementary biphoton exchange between each of two neutral particles and the universe. Biphoton exchange provides a simple way of understanding quantum gravity between two particles in the context of quantum photon charge exchange. Just as each pair of charged particles bonds with the exchange of a photon, each pair of neutral particles then bonds with the exchange photon pairs called biphotons. While the exchange of a single photon between charges represents dipole force, the exchange of a biphoton between neutral particles represents a quadrupole force. This simple model of quantum gravity simplifies the complexities of many quantum measurements

The GHZ (Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger) experiment is a variation of the simple crossed polarizer experiment that illustrates quantum entanglement and nonlocality. However, unless you can read the papers and understand the math, why go there?

There are even more complex measurements of atom spin in magnetic fields with oscillating electric fields that are photon-echo effects that are even more mysterious examples of entanglement. There are also very sophisticated measurements of photon echo decay that also illustrate the effects of entanglement. Fortunately, people do not argue endlessly about what photon-echo measurements mean, they just use them and MRI is a prime example of the utility of such photon-echo decay magic.

Tim Maudlin has many valid intuitive arguments that nevertheless confuse GR and QM logic and science well knows that GR logic inherently contradicts QM and vice versa. While Maudlin therefore makes some very good points, he really is just pointing out the same contradictions between GR and quantum over and over again in many different ways. Without a unified gravity and charge, this discourse is endless, confusing, and not that fruitful.

By jumping back and forth between quantum and GR logic, Maudlin has managed to befuddle even Tegmark and Davies in a discourse about time. Tegmark and Davies asked Maudlin for a theory to support his back and forth arguments so that they could test it. Maudlin replied that he does not have a math theory, just a feeling and intuition about reality.

That did not go over well...

A simple device avoids the befuddled hand-waving and measures a single dipole photon that shows entanglement and nonlocality without a lot of fuss and muss. A simple device comprising a source, quantum photon, beamsplitter, and observer has a mirror to further direct both paths onto the same stationary observer or detector with a variable time delay. Then compare measurements of a determinate photon and a quantum photon with respect to time delay.

For a determinate and classical single photon, the photon path is always completely knowable. A beam splitter routes a classical photon from a source onto either of two possible paths or futures and a classical observer sees that determinate photon along one of paths A or B, but with different time delays that can reveal the path. The CMB creation determined the classical photon path and its geodesic shows that destiny and that destiny does not depend on the other path.

A determinate classical photon cannot exist as a superposition of two paths or futures and there is no interference of a single determinate photon with itself. A determinate photon spectrum does not retain any information about the beamsplitter or paths and is just a record of the source matter spectrum. A determinate classical photon therefore has an independent existence from either the source or observer and does not bond the source and observer in any way. Therefore, a determinate classical photon path is already in a future frame of a DVD video that is playing back the prerecorded script of the universe.

However, the quantum photon spectrum does actually depend on both paths and their time delays and the quantum photon does interfere with itself and therefore determinate photons simply do not represent measurement of even a simple beamsplitter. Simply blocking or altering the time delay of one path changes the spectrum of the single photon and and so the beamsplitter entangles these two paths and results in the conundrum of QM. There are many more complicated examples of entanglement, but this rather simple device is sufficient for showing the reality of a quantum photon.

Even after measurement, the exact path of a quantum photon remains unknowable. A quantum photon exists as a superposition of both paths or futures and so a quantum photon spectrum retains the information not only about the source, but also about the beamsplitter, two paths, and observer. Therefore when an observer sees a quantum photon (i.e., measures the single photon spectrum), there is no way to know which path A or B the photon followed, but only that there were two possible paths. The observer sees or measures a photon spectrum that shows information about the source, beamsplitter, both paths, and of course information about the observer as well. Even at zero time delay, there are polarization effects that further reveal the natures of the two paths, but do not reveal one path or the other.

A quantum photon does not have an independent existence from the source and observer and that single photon represents a transient bond between the source and observer that may represent parts of many spatial paths. Photon exchange is what bonds all sources together in one way or another and if the observer ended up coherently re-emitting the photons back to a coherently emitting source, that would actually be a stable source-observer bond.

Even this simple device is therefore not like a DVD playing a determinate future that is an already recorded script of the universe. Rather, a single photon measurement is like a live stage play with the same script of the universe as the DVD, but with constant rewriting during the performance. A performer is a source of photons and the audience is observers of those photons and there are no exactly determinate futures for the scripts of any of those photons. But there is a bonding state between the performers and the audience due to quantum photon exchange that goes both ways. Therefore a performance is never exactly the same as the preliminary script, including a performance without any audience at all.

There are quantum bonds between all sources and observers due to photon exchange, with or without a beam splitter. The GHZ experiment is an elaboration of a stage performance that assumes a source and observer and then creates a labyrinth of coherent atom paths and spins to illustrate the same principle of bonding between source and observer.

However, many of the explanations of magnetic fields and atom spin use classical fields and therefore lose site of the inherent quantum photon exchange that bonds the source and observer. Therefore even very smart people can argue endlessly about these complex experiments and the only thing that really resolves these contradictions is a quantum gravity that is compatible with quantum charge.

Aethertime’s unification of charge and gravity provides unique insights so far denied to mainstream science into the quantum nature of all of reality. Notice, though, that none of the above explanations depend on anything more than the quantum logic of mainstream science. The quantum logic of mainstream science is not wrong, it is just limited just like the determinism of Einstein’s GR geodesics is not wrong either…GR is likewise limited by the determinate action of Einstein’s GR. After all, GR does not describe the photon exchange bond between a source and observer at all.

Quantum exchange is the action that bonds a source and observer and that bond is what makes for the uncertainty of action. Therefore the uncertainties of free will and free choice and even thought itself all derive from actions of quantum bonds between sources and observers. Of course, there is a lot of chaos in classical determinate actions and so people can still argue endlessly about free will…until there is a common quantum gravity and charge. Ironically, it is quantum gravity that is what rescues free will from the determinate actions of Einstein’s GR.

Said in other words, the action differential of Einstein’s GR is simply the cosmic action time average of the quantum gravity matter wave action derivative. Both space and interval atomic time emerge from the gravity/charge action derivative, now with respect to the action time of the universe. The cosmic action time of the universe represents a kind of absolute time and is different from the interval time of atomic clocks, which varies over cosmic action time. It is the cosmic action of the universe that defines all force and the progress of interval time represents a second time dimension.

The same dipole photons of quantum charge bonds are the quadrupole biphotons of gravity bonds. While charge bonds have very short correlation lengths on the order of atoms, gravity bonds have very long correlation lengths on the order of the universe. While discrete photon emission and absorption are what bond charge matter, discrete biphoton emission and absorption are what bond neutral matter. The biphoton exchange of gravity defines the motions of sources from gravity, but biphotons are also coupled to charge bonds.

Therefore, charge bonds affect gravity and and gravity affects charge bonds. However, the biphoton nature of gravity means that the gravity wave beamsplitter does not show interference effects. This is because the gravity biphoton exchange between source and observer is much more symmetric than the single photon exchange of dipole charge force. In other words, resonances between source and observer result in cavity modes just like a laser.

Stimulated absorption and emission are only possible with the special conditions of a laser cavity for dipole photons, but stimulated absorption and emission are very common for gravity biphotons. Therefore any interaction between two gravity sources represents a quadrupole cavity mode with the exchange of a very large number of biphotons.

Why Quantum Gravity

There is not yet a quantum gravity that is consistent with the gravity of general relativity (GR) and this is fundamentally because the determinate GR has perfectly defined geodesic paths for all sources. In our quantum universe, however, there are no absolutely determinate paths and it turns out that GR says nothing about the paths of objects at very small Planck scale and GR says nothing about the paths of objects inside of the event horizon of a black hole. Quantum gravity simply does not have completely determinate futures and yet GR provides absolutely determinate paths with well-defined distortions of space and time.

In contrast to GR, discrete aether is a quantum gravity (QG) that is completely consistent with GR within its limits and QG further defines object futures at both the Planck scale as well as at the black hole scale.

The deflection of starlight by the sun, d, occurs at about twice the value expected by classical Newton's gravity and the mass-equivalent energy of light. Science has known this for many decades. Einstein's general relativity explained this extra deflection in the figure below as a first order expansion of the GR equation that shows how gravity distorts space and time. That is, given the equivalent mass of light, GR predicts twice the deflection of Newton’s classical gravity and numerous measurements validate that fact.

Discrete aether and its QG provide a different explanation for starlight deflection by the sun, but that prediction also agrees with measurements since quantum effects show a factor of two doubling for both charge and gravity. For the quantum spin of an electron the gyromagnetic ratio, g, also has about twice the classical spin of a charged sphere. For an electron, the gyromagnetic ratio is how it oscillates in a magnetic field as 

where e is electron charge, m_e electron mass, and the g-factor comes from quantum spin along with a perturbation series due to quantum field self energy as

In quantum gravity (QG), starlight photon deflection is how the spin of light oscillates in a gravity field and so starlight QG deflection conforms to the same g-factor as charge force as

So quantum gravity and its self energy actually have the same g value for light deflection as that of quantum spin. The quantum g-factor of about two comes from the complementary phases of quantum spin states  of a photon and the photon self-energy means that the effect is not exactly two. In effect, an electron spin can be up or down in a magnetic field and that difference corresponds to the frequency or energy of the quantum transition from spin up to down.

The up or down duality of quantum phase has no classical meaning in GR and in effect quantum spin doubles the frequency or energy of a quantum action from the action of a classical spinning charge. The distortion of space and time embodied within GR emulates the factor of two that fundamentally derives from the nature of QG.

A classical spinning charge will only orient itself up as a precession along a magnetic field and there is no meaning for up versus down in the absence of a magnetic field since the spinning charge would have opposite phase from up and down. A rotating classical charge in a magnetic field radiates with a classical frequency or energy that is one-half of the quantum frequency and a classical spinning charge then slows down as it radiates and loses energy. A quantum spin reorients when it radiates, but since a quantum spin exists in a superposition state of both discrete spin states, a quantum spin cannot radiate without some kind of electric or magnetic field. The meaning for a classical transition to a down spin is to spin in the opposite phase, changing the phase of its radiation by p. But a classical spinning charge always precesses along the magnetic field lines for both spin phases.

The rotation of a quantum charge as spin results in a quantum precession frequency that is twice the classical precession frequency of a classical rotating charge in a magnetic field. The quantum precession frequency is defined by g ~ 2, and is consistent with measurements while the classical precession frequency is likewise consistent with radiation of macroscopic charge rotation in a magnetic field. This factor of two turns out to be the key for both quantum gravity as well as quantum spin and g ~ 2 ends up predicting all of the same effects as are observed and predicted by the spacetime distortions of GR.

In effect, the classical radiation of opposite phase would slow the rotation down and eventually reverse it and that total energy would be twice the inertial energy of the original spin. The classical object would not change direction up or down, but the sense of its spin. It would now radiate just as the first spin but with a different phase. Therefore a quantum spin is like a classical spin the is in resonance with an external field oscillation.

There is a very fundamental reason for the correspondence between quantum spin and quantum gravity; a distorted spacetime emerges from QG just as GR distorts spacetime to first order. However, QG and its biphotonic exchange particle, the graviton, have quantum exchange and phase coherence just like quantum charge.

Einstein showed that gravity distorts the space and time around bodies and that distortion determines the paths or geodesics of those bodies as just straight lines in the distorted spacetime. Therefore there is no such thing as a gravity self energy since that gravity self energy is really just stored in the spacetime distortion, but there is still a g = 2 deflection.

In QG, the quadrupole of a gravity biphoton also shows quantum spin states, but now with S = 2 instead of S = ½ and the quantum gravity self energy further alters a body’s gravity field with the rotating quadrupole biphotons of a matter body by a factor of two. In effect, the biphoton quadrupole also oscillates up or down in a gravity field and so the photon deflection is twice the classical expectation based on mass energy equivalence. In addition, there is a gravity self energy of a photon that further increases the effect of starlight deflection from the expectations of Newton’s classical gravity and the mass equivalence of light.

The notions of continuous space and time emerge as dimensionless scalings; time from an electron orbit period and space from the electron charge diameter. Distortions of space and time simply emerge from the measurements of light pulse time delays and color shifts from objects and action. Every object has the properties of light pulse time delay and color shift and it is from those measurements of objects with light that both Newton and GR notions of continuous space and time emerge. Thus spacetime appears naturally distorted by GR since the object time delay and color shift by quantum gravity show the same effects as classical time delay and color shift.


The figure below shows how gravity biphotons relate to the photon exchange bonds of charge for atoms and molecules. The hydrogen charge bond is an exchange particle of Rydberg energy at 3.3 fs period, and that exchange particle is in resonance with the electron in hydrogen with a period t_B of 1.1e-21 s, the ratio of which what eventually defines c as 3e8 m/s along with a charge radius. The orbital period of the electron relative to the period of the universe is the scaling that defines gravity as proportional to charge force.

The bonding state of gravity is between the source and the universe and so in a sense, all reality is real because of gravity. The effects of a biphoton are in effect due to the symmetry of the wrapped universe and not really due to the time or space between the CMB and matter. The bonding states of charge are between a source and observer and so without an observer, the universe is the ultimate observer, wrapped by symmetry back onto itself. An observer absorbs a photon and that measurement represents a bonding state that makes the source real. A photon released to the universe represents the same reality for the same source, but at a much greater time scale wrapped onto the present time and space.