Being and Doing in the Two Dimensions of Time

Although classical science and philosophy differentiates being and doing, quantum phase entangles being and doing and therefore quantum science and philosophy cannot completely separate existence from the actions of that existence. Quantum phase entangles simple existence with action with existence.

Breaking the matter of an egg represents a classical action where quantum phase has no apparent meaning. In one moment, the egg is intact while in the next moment, it has broken and there is no classical meaning to quantum phase entangling the two moments of an unbroken and broken egg. A classical egg exists completely independently from any of its outcomes even though those outcomes represent the entropy increase that determines the classical arrow of time.

However, possible outcomes do affect a quantum egg and there is a very short time superposition of unbroken and broken states. Measurements of the superposition state of the egg do not point the classical arrow of time and rather mainstream science views this quantum superposition as fundamentally reversible.

The aethertime irony is that it is not really the classical broken egg that determines time's arrow, rather it is a universal quantum dephasing that determines time's arrow. The reason that the unbroken-broken egg superposition state has such a short time is largely due to classical noise. However, there quantum phase noise also contributes to short coherence times and it is the universal decoherence of quantum phase that determines time's arrow, not really entropy as such.

Classical thought does not entangle the being of unbroken and broken eggs and the doing of breaking an egg and classically, they are two separate aspects of the world. However, quantum phase entangles being and doing as two representations for the same reality. Quantum phase means that for some short time, the egg exists in a superposition of both unbroken and broken states connected by the action of breaking. Discrete quantum phase entangles the universe of matter amplitude with the universe of action amplitude. The entanglement of the phases of matter and action represents an orthogonality and that means the phase noise of quantum aether has no classical analog.

Time and space are two notions of reality that actually emerge from matter and action. While space has two dimensions of forward and backward, time in mainstream science has just one dimension, but in the quantum world of amplitude and phase, there are no objects without phase as well as amplitude. The single dimension of atomic clock time represents that single time dimension, but with discrete quantum aether, there is second time dimension as phase decay. The second time dimension is in the very slow decoherence of two atomic clocks from each other.

Just as the ancient Greeks differentiated Kronos versus Kairos time, these two dimensions of time for discrete quantum aether mean that a decoherence time is different from atomic time. Kronos time is the steady atomic time of earth's spin, earth's orbit around the sun, and of the 37 year orbit of Saturn, who was Kronos. Kairos time is the time of the decaying moment and is more like our feeling about time. While Kronos time ticks with a very regular clock, Kairos time varies according to the decay of feeling.

The universe decays very slowly and that slow decay shows up in many different measurements and in particular, universe decay is a second time dimension. The figure below shows the variation of the length of the day in milliseconds since 1963 as well as the variation in the year in seconds and it is clear that the earth's spin is slowing down at the rate of 25 s over 53 years, or 0.47 s/yr and 1.3 ms/day. Two atomic clocks ticking side by side begin in perfect phase coherence, but eventually their phase coherence decays and they no longer tick together. Although that phase decoherence rate is due to a number of factors that are mainly classical noise, there is also an intrinsic phase decay that also shows up in the decay of pulsars. Pulsars are spinning neutron stars show extremely regular spins that decay with correspondingly regular rates. There are many factors that affect the length of the day but that same decoherence rate is consistent with the slowing of earth's spin as the figure shows.

The being and doing of classical matter and action are separable and this means that classical matter and action commute; the outcome of a classical action does not change with the order of time and momentum for that action. A classical egg breaks the same way whether science measures the time or the momentum for breaking. The observation of an action involves at least two measurements since, for example, an photon observation must measure both the photon time of arrival and the photon spectrum or color.

Likewise a classical action for a single particle measures just the arrival of a particle along with the particle momentum or matter spectrum in order to measure that action. But for each gravity action, there are two bodies and therefore a gravity action involves four measurements; an arrival time and matter spectrum for each of the two bodies. Since gravity dominates our notions of classical action and gravity happens to be due to the entangled action of two complementary photons, these four measurements are complementary.

Each atom created at the CMB by emission of a photon is bound today with the exchange of that complementary photon between the electron and nucleus of that atom. A dropped egg breaks by gravity and the classical gravity of the earth largely determines both the matter spectrum and breaking time for the egg. However, the earth also moves to meet the egg drawn by the gravity of the egg and so there are two complementary measurements needed to complete the breaking of an egg with quantum gravity.

The biphoton symmetry of gravity action means that the being and doing of macroscopic observers and sources do commute and are therefore subject to classical causal action. Classically the order of measurement of time and momentum does not affect the observation of action. However, the quantum entanglement of the present matter with the light of the CMB creation is the reason that gravity is classical. The order of measurement does not affect classical gravity since when order changes, the biphoton symmetry of quantum gravity undergoes complementary changes.

When the classical gravity of momentum and space fails at the limits of very small scale called the Planck limit and at very large scale called event horizons, discrete quantum aether of matter and spin period as time delay still works. Discrete quantum aether limits action at very small scale as well as limiting action at very large scale with event horizon spin period. At the Planck scale, the mass of discrete aether limits action to the gaekron mass m_ae of 8.7e-69 kg along with h/c² and an event horizon limits action to the spin state periods of large aether accretions, S_ae.

The EEG Mind

A theory of the mind must be consistent with certain properties and it is also necessary to measure the properties of the mind and therefore validate or falsify that theory of the mind. It is important not to get too bogged down in the complexification of behavior before there is a decent framework for a theory of the mind and ways to test that theory.

A decent theory of the mind must be consistent with a set of standard observations and must be further testable by other measurements as well. An electroencelphalogram (EEG) is an electrical spectrum of the frequencies, intensities, and phases of neural resonances. There are many key properties of conscious and unconscious thought that an EEG spectrum measures and so it makes sense to form theory around the EEG mind. However, the EEG spectrum is most often measured at the scalp and so EEG best represents the cerebral or rational mind and its outer electrical currents.

Here are a set of assumptions that form the basis for an EEG mind.

1) We are all born with free choice and learn inhibitions in stages over time from infancy through childhood and finally as adults. Without this development of inhibitions, a different free choice emerges that may not resonate with other minds. Just like we learn different languages as were grow up with people, we also learn different inhibitions from as well depending on the people that we grow up with.

2) There are two main parts to the brain; the connectome or primitive subconscious brain made up of the cerebellum, amygdala, hypocampus, caudate, putamen, and thalamus, and the rational conscious brain of of the cerebrum, where thought largely resides as aware matter.

3) Emotion, feeling, free choice, autonomic functions, instinct, and long-term memory are all largely functions of the connectome of the primitive mind. The excitation or inhibition of action comes from the primitive mind and the amygdala, but free choice is influenced by memory and rational thought. Long-term memory is a function of the primitive mind along with morality and the feeling of right a wrong. The connectome is the basic neural framework that sets the resonances of the EEG and is what keeps us breathing and our heart beating and digestion working.

4) There is a set of complementary emotions that define a singular feeling and it is that feeling that either excites or inhibits action of the amygdala. One such set of emotions is; pleasure versus anxiety, compassion versus free choice, joy versus misery, serenity versus anger, and pride versus shame. Although emotion and feeling are really more complex than this simple set of five complements, this simple set of five is consistent with many neural measurements and therefore a convenient simplification of the emotion complexity.

5) The moments of thought that end up as free choice are largely part of the rational mind along with short-term memory. There are about 50,000 moments of thought in each waking day of experience and each moment of thought may be as much as 15 MB of digital equivalent as Hopfield neural network packets. The mind stores these neural packets of information in a phased array of resonant aware matter that make up the amplitudes and phases of EEG spectra for the experience of a day. Our conscious mind is the music that we play every day on the keyboard that is the connectome of the primitive mind.

6) Sleep has an essential role in the mind; imprinting experience into long-term memory and resetting the rational mind for another day of experience. Sleep evolves the connectome of the primitive mind by selectively imprinting the day's aware matter resonances into long term memory. Sleep also clears or resets the cerebrum of the rational mind for the next day of experience. There are other roles for sleep, but these two are most important.

7) Each person develops a set of personality traits as they interact with other people as either social bonds or social conflicts. The five-factor model shows people as creative vs. conformist, social vs. individual, conscientious vs. impulsive, agreeable vs. assertive, and confident versus anxious. Typically people respond to a series of questions that then ranks them on each personality trait complement.

The rational EEG mind resides mainly in the outer two cerebral hemispheres that surround the structures of the primitive brain and so are what the typical EEG spectrum measures. The EEG neural resonances are electrical and mainly measure the outer layers of the cerebrum and not the inner primitive mind of deeper layers. However, the various features of the EEG spectrum do reflect the basic resonances of the connectome of the primitive mind.

The outer rational mind of the cerebral hemispheres surrounds the structure of the inner primitive mind as shown below. The conscious mind resonates with the EEG spectral features that reflect both structures and the special region of the cerebral homunculus is what gives us a sense of ourselves.

Above shows the primitive mind shown as grey and the primitive mind all of the autonomic functions of the brain including long-term memory, choice, motor, hormones and emotion. The figure below shows the parts of the primitive brain that integrate with both the cerebellum of the primitive mind and the cerebrum of the rational mind. There are three cerebellar hormunculi and not just one and so the primitive brain has three different selves. The connectome of the primitive brain then determines the resonances of the rational brain, but the amplitudes and phases of the moments of thought can be quite complex.

With this set of assumptions in place, the EEG mind theory associates well known resonances with various spectral features and structures of the primitive mind. The delta mode at 1.6 Hz is the resonance from which all aware matter forms moments of thought and the delta mode connects the rational and primitive brains. The basic molecule or mode of aware matter is the first octave at 11 Hz, which are alpha modes as 7 times the delta frequency. The second octaves of alpha are beta at 22 Hz and are the basic modes excitation and inhibition of free choice. Free choice depends on the phase of the alpha dimer and there are even higher order resonances called gamma modes up to the cut off frequency of the neural action potential at 350 Hz.

Here is one result from the NIH connectome project that has used a combination of dMRI and MEG, derivative MRI and magnetoencelphalgraphy. The MEG technique shows the same resonances as EEG but MEG probes the entire brain while EEG measures mostly the axon currents in the folds of the outer cerebrum. The connectome shows mainly the result of neural action and the neural packets of thought and so the organs of the primitive mind are not prominent.

Neural packets of thought exist as aware matter resonances with the basic moment of thought made up of alpha modes. A moment of thought is what defines the dephasing rate or width of each spectral feature and that width is about 2 Hz which corresponds to about 0.5 second of dephasing time.

Each moment of thought is then about 0.5 s long, like a delta mode, and the mind encodes these moments of thought in time with theta modes. Theta modes show up between the delta and alpha features and many experiments associate theta modes with counting and telling time and ordering  moments of thought. The four theta modes between delta and alpha allows the brain to encode 16^4 = 65,000 moments of thought in a single day. This assumes that there are 16 levels or bits for the intensity of each delta mode.

Obviously, this theory of the mind is subject to test and therefore validation or falsification. But another function of the mind is the need for sleep. There are basically two main stages for sleep; deep or delta sleep and dream or REM sleep. The delta mode dominates the mind during deep sleep and there are recurring neural impulses called K-complexes and sleep spindles. A K complex is essentially an ~0.5 s delta mode pulse while a sleep spindle is a ~0.5 s delta mode pulse with an 11 Hz alpha mode carrier. Although the roles of K-complexes and sleep spindles are not well understood, research has shown that these neural modes are necessary for healthy sleep and long-term memory.

Dream or REM sleep dominates the mind with alpha mode activity at 11 Hz during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but the body's muscle response is normally paralyzed during REM sleep. It is during REM sleep that most dreams occur and research has long known that REM sleep is just as essential as deep sleep for a healthy mind.

The delta sleep stage tends to be the first stage of sleep, which is consistent with the notion that the brain imprints long-term memory during delta sleep. The REM sleep stage, which tends to occur later in sleep, is then consistent with the brain resetting the cerebrum's aware matter machine for the next day of experience.

During controlled experiments, people deprived of deep sleep have more trouble remembering experience of the previous day while people deprived of REM sleep are more lethargic and less able to make sense out of new experiences in the following day and of making decisions.

Thanks to the Allen brain map project for the wonderful views of a human brain as well as to the NIH funded connectome project. A video about the neuroscience of consciousness is also very useful.

Here is a nice Aeon article What is the purpose of the unconscious mind? and here is a video of Sadhguru video that repeatedly states that life has no purpose and no meaning Sadhguru's purpose is exploration... and then of course, Sadhguru ends up the video stating very clearly that the purpose of life is exploration. It is ironic that many people find a great purpose in a discourse about life's lack of purpose, which of course is self-contradictory. However, somehow many people hear some kind of useful message in these oxymoronic discourses. Life's purpose is largely in the pleasure of discovery tempered by an anxiety about the unknown...

Quantum Aether

There is a fundamental duality between the discrete aether that makes up the universe and the discrete quantum action of the universal Schrödinger equation that drives the universe into many possible futures. The Schrödinger equation relates the action of quantum oscillation to the amplitude of quantum matter with a pi/2 or 90 degree orthogonal phase, the mysterious i equals square root of -1, Euler's relation. The Schrödinger equation means the oscillation of quantum action is orthogonal to the oscillation of quantum matter and it is from this phase relation that what happens in the universe happens.

While discrete quantum aether is what makes up all quantum matter, discrete quantum action describes how sources change and it is from equating the differential of discrete matter and action that time and space emerge as dimensionless ratios. Time emerges from the period of electron spin while space emerges from the radius of electron charge. Direction is then simply a difference in spin phase between a source and observer and is from where the three spatial dimensions emerge.

Instead of time and space existing a priori, time emerges from the electron orbit period and space emerges from the electron charge radius. There are two key dimensionless ratios for time; tau, as atomic time from the period of an atomic clock and big T_u cosmic time with the period of the universe pulse. This same duality of discrete aether and discrete action is what collisions between sources and observers are all about. In a collision, a source bonds to or scatters from an observer with the exchange of a photon, but that collision must also involve the loss of other particles like heat as the recoil momentum in order to bond source and observer.

Moreover, each photon emission today in atomic time has an entangled twin emitted at the CMB creation in cosmic time and the exchange of these photon twins or biphoton is responsible for gravity. Unlike the single dipole photon whose exchange bonds charge or multiple photon exchange that bonds with dispersion, an entangled biphoton exchange bonds neutral matter as gravity once losing recoil momentum. The ever much weaker force of gravity conforms to classical and causal statistics where there is a local cause for every effect of gravity.

Single or multiple photon exchanges represent the very much stronger quantum charge and delectric forces that conform to quantum statistics with space and time emerging from such quantum action. Biphoton exchange represents the very much weaker primordial gravity force that conforms to classical statistics and that gravity distorts or curves emergent space and time. As a result, quantum entangled actions can appear nonlocal according to gravity and even simultaneous across the universe, but that is simply a result of the emergence of space and time from quantum action.

Space and time both emerge from the action of aether and that emergence challenges the notions of locality and simultaneity, but quantum is simply how the universe works.

The classical universe of spacetime has the primal truths or axioms of space and time, which are indeed very good ways of keeping track of objects and making predictions about object futures. However, space and time do not describe all of the universe and with quantum aether, the primal truths or axioms are discrete quantum aether and action. Space and time simply emerge from the discrete quantum action of discrete aether and this duality represents the universe.

Even though photon entanglement from the present to the CMB creation makes no classical sense at all, these entangled biphotons are the gist of quantum gravity. Just like dipole charge force is the exchange of single photons between source and observer, gravity is from the exchange of biphotons and quadrupole gravity emerges along with space and time from biphoton exchange. The sun and earth bond with the exchange of very long wavelength biphotons with a frequency of 1/yr. In fact, every photon of charge force has its biphoton complement at the CMB creation of cosmic force and so the photon exchange of charge force also includes the biphoton exchange of gravity force.