Hydrogens' Gravity and Dispersion Spectra

Although the spectrum of the hydrogen atom has been known for over a century, atomic hydrogen's dispersion spectrum is not as well known and hydrogen's gravity spectrum has not yet been measured at all. This is because unlike the single photon exchanges of charge force, dispersion and gravity forces involve two photon exchanges and are much smaller and so their quantum energies and cross sections are therefore much more difficult to measure.

Dispersive or dielectric forces are the dipole-induced-dipole attraction of neutral matter and scale as the product of ionization energy, polarizabilty², and 1/r⁶. Thus dispersion is the result of the complementary exchanges of two photons and not just one photon as in charge force and so dispersion is always attractive, just like gravity. The dispersion observer is just as excited as the dispersion source with dispersion photons. Similar to dispersion, gravity also represents the exchange of two photons, but now with the CMB creation wrapped photons, not local photons. As a result, gravity is then just the ultimate dipole-induced-dipole variant of dispersion.

Thus a gravity bond energy is Gm_H²/r, which of course in aethertime is just scaled charge energy as q² c² 1e-7 t_B / T_u / r, which is charge force scaled by the dimensionless size of the universe, t_B / T_u , the ratio of the Bohr orbit period to the orbit period of the universe. Note that the hydrogen atom mass no longer appears in the gravity energy of two hydrogens and instead, the gravity of two hydrogens is just the square of the product of charge and the speed of light. In other words, the amplitude of the dipole energy qc is what determines both charge and gravity forces as well as the in between dispersion force.

The dispersion radius of two hydrogens is where dispersion and gravity energies are equal and is at r_d = (3/4 E_H a² / G / m_H²)^1/5 = 70 nm, where a = 3pe_or_B³ is the hydrogen atom polarizability. Two hydrogens in circular orbits do not radiate quadrupole gravity waves and so there needs to be other particle exchanges to further cool and condense atomic into solid molecular hydrogen. The gravity biphoton condensation of atomic hydrogen into stars is of course the basis of the single photon emission that lights the universe.

The dispersion limit is then where the dispersion radius exceeds the product of body radii as r_d > 1.44e5 (r₁r₂)^3/5 which is roughly 144,000 times the body radius product to the 3/5th power. The moon Io of Jupiter has just 3e-5 of its gravity energy as dispersion while earth's moon has just 1.6e-4 of its gravity as dispersion energy. Dispersion energy is a small but significant part of most gravity orbits and the heat generated by dispersion energy is part of the radiant flux from each orbiting body as well.

Being and Doing in the Two Dimensions of Time

Although classical science and philosophy differentiates being and doing, quantum phase entangles being and doing and therefore quantum science and philosophy cannot completely separate existence from the actions of that existence. Quantum phase entangles simple existence with action with existence.

Breaking the matter of an egg represents a classical action where quantum phase has no apparent meaning. In one moment, the egg is intact while in the next moment, it has broken and there is no classical meaning to quantum phase entangling the two moments of an unbroken and broken egg. A classical egg exists completely independently from any of its outcomes even though those outcomes represent the entropy increase that determines the classical arrow of time.

However, possible outcomes do affect a quantum egg and there is a very short time superposition of unbroken and broken states. Measurements of the superposition state of the egg do not point the classical arrow of time and rather mainstream science views this quantum superposition as fundamentally reversible.

The aethertime irony is that it is not really the classical broken egg that determines time's arrow, rather it is a universal quantum dephasing that determines time's arrow. The reason that the unbroken-broken egg superposition state has such a short time is largely due to classical noise. However, there quantum phase noise also contributes to short coherence times and it is the universal decoherence of quantum phase that determines time's arrow, not really entropy as such.

Classical thought does not entangle the being of unbroken and broken eggs and the doing of breaking an egg and classically, they are two separate aspects of the world. However, quantum phase entangles being and doing as two representations for the same reality. Quantum phase means that for some short time, the egg exists in a superposition of both unbroken and broken states connected by the action of breaking. Discrete quantum phase entangles the universe of matter amplitude with the universe of action amplitude. The entanglement of the phases of matter and action represents an orthogonality and that means the phase noise of quantum aether has no classical analog.

Time and space are two notions of reality that actually emerge from matter and action. While space has two dimensions of forward and backward, time in mainstream science has just one dimension, but in the quantum world of amplitude and phase, there are no objects without phase as well as amplitude. The single dimension of atomic clock time represents that single time dimension, but with discrete quantum aether, there is second time dimension as phase decay. The second time dimension is in the very slow decoherence of two atomic clocks from each other.

Just as the ancient Greeks differentiated Kronos versus Kairos time, these two dimensions of time for discrete quantum aether mean that a decoherence time is different from atomic time. Kronos time is the steady atomic time of earth's spin, earth's orbit around the sun, and of the 37 year orbit of Saturn, who was Kronos. Kairos time is the time of the decaying moment and is more like our feeling about time. While Kronos time ticks with a very regular clock, Kairos time varies according to the decay of feeling.

The universe decays very slowly and that slow decay shows up in many different measurements and in particular, universe decay is a second time dimension. The figure below shows the variation of the length of the day in milliseconds since 1963 as well as the variation in the year in seconds and it is clear that the earth's spin is slowing down at the rate of 25 s over 53 years, or 0.47 s/yr and 1.3 ms/day. Two atomic clocks ticking side by side begin in perfect phase coherence, but eventually their phase coherence decays and they no longer tick together. Although that phase decoherence rate is due to a number of factors that are mainly classical noise, there is also an intrinsic phase decay that also shows up in the decay of pulsars. Pulsars are spinning neutron stars show extremely regular spins that decay with correspondingly regular rates. There are many factors that affect the length of the day but that same decoherence rate is consistent with the slowing of earth's spin as the figure shows.

The being and doing of classical matter and action are separable and this means that classical matter and action commute; the outcome of a classical action does not change with the order of time and momentum for that action. A classical egg breaks the same way whether science measures the time or the momentum for breaking. The observation of an action involves at least two measurements since, for example, an photon observation must measure both the photon time of arrival and the photon spectrum or color.

Likewise a classical action for a single particle measures just the arrival of a particle along with the particle momentum or matter spectrum in order to measure that action. But for each gravity action, there are two bodies and therefore a gravity action involves four measurements; an arrival time and matter spectrum for each of the two bodies. Since gravity dominates our notions of classical action and gravity happens to be due to the entangled action of two complementary photons, these four measurements are complementary.

Each atom created at the CMB by emission of a photon is bound today with the exchange of that complementary photon between the electron and nucleus of that atom. A dropped egg breaks by gravity and the classical gravity of the earth largely determines both the matter spectrum and breaking time for the egg. However, the earth also moves to meet the egg drawn by the gravity of the egg and so there are two complementary measurements needed to complete the breaking of an egg with quantum gravity.

The biphoton symmetry of gravity action means that the being and doing of macroscopic observers and sources do commute and are therefore subject to classical causal action. Classically the order of measurement of time and momentum does not affect the observation of action. However, the quantum entanglement of the present matter with the light of the CMB creation is the reason that gravity is classical. The order of measurement does not affect classical gravity since when order changes, the biphoton symmetry of quantum gravity undergoes complementary changes.

When the classical gravity of momentum and space fails at the limits of very small scale called the Planck limit and at very large scale called event horizons, discrete quantum aether of matter and spin period as time delay still works. Discrete quantum aether limits action at very small scale as well as limiting action at very large scale with event horizon spin period. At the Planck scale, the mass of discrete aether limits action to the gaekron mass m_ae of 8.7e-69 kg along with h/c² and an event horizon limits action to the spin state periods of large aether accretions, S_ae.