Galaxy Rotation without Dark Matter

The main reason for dark matter is to explain the constant rotation of galaxy stars, which contradicts simple Newtonian gravity. Orbital velocity under just Newtonian gravity is proportional to the square root of orbital radius whereas galaxy stars tend to rotate with a constant velocity independent of their orbital radius. However, the collapse of discrete aether leads to an additional vector force for Newtonian gravity given star decay, gravitization, that couples moving star decays to each other and results in constant galaxy rotation without any need for extra dark matter. Essentially, gravitization transfers angular momentum by slowing inner bulge and accelerating outer disk stars.

Analogous to the magnetization of moving charge that is electromagnetism's vector force, gravitization is gravity's vector force. Stars radiate energy and therefore their matter decays and the product of that matter decay with the star velocity results in the additional force of gravitization. Gravitization does not need any further constants or parameters, just the simple assumption that gravitization exists is sufficient to explain the constant rotation of galaxy stars.

Moreover, when galaxy stars undergo supernova, that flare of energy results in a spike in gravitization that results in a kick in the star velocity. The outer bulge supernovas receive kicks in their rotational velocities from coupling of supernova flare with other star decays while inner bulge supernovas receive opposing kicks that retard orbital velocity.

The Milky Way supermassive black hole is about 4.1 million solar masses or about 1.6 million average stellar black holes given the lifetime of the galaxy. Since bar-spiral regions are nurseries for new stars, the bar-spiral nursery tends to stabilize the inner bulge stars into a bar. The stellar black holes in the other parts of the inner bulge, however, spiral into the center and tend to keep the bulge outside of the bar clear.

Most Type IIa supernovas become rotating neutron stars with average mass 2.2 m_s and when neutron stars rotate just right, they generate pulsating radio signals called pulsars. Pulsar timing then provides many details about distance and velocity and pulsar velocities are the main evidence for the existence of supernova velocity kicks. Thus far, it is assumed that there is some kind of asymmetry in the supernova due to some combination of asymmetric mass ejection, neutrino radiation, or electromagnetism. But the source of that instability is not well understood.

Of course, discrete aether decay provides a very simple explanation for supernova velocity kick since the energy of the supernova flare results in a force that takes angular momentum from the rest of the galaxy. The the total supernova energy equivalent matter is about 0.11 m_s, which is only about 16 km/s kick for a 2.2 m_s neutron star as compared to the 400 km/s average kick reported. However, this initial acceleration by gravitization could then seed an instability in the mass and neutrino emission that results in the complete velocity kick.

About 1% of type II supernovas are from very large mass hypernovas and the energy released by hypernovas could accelerate the remnant neutron star by gravitization to 400 km/s and more. Once the supernova leaves a remnant larger than 2-3 m_s , instead of a neutron star, a black hole results. Gravitization will result in reduced kicks for outer bulge large mass supernovas as well as less retardation for inner bulge supernovas.

Four Meditations of Free Choice

Here are four meditations about the nature of free choice that show that we are all outcomes of the universe because our precursors are in the discrete action of discrete matter. We make the free choices that we make because of how we feel about ourselves, others, and the universe... and the universe action is our progenitor father and the universe matter is our progenitor mother. We first experience the pleasure of discovering that universe as small children and that continued discovery gives meaning and purpose to us all as well...

Father, please reveal the universe to me and let me experience the wonders of your creation. From the first light of the CMB creation, we were all born out of creation's first light, which continues to shine on us today. Through the dark times following creation until the first stars and galaxies, we discover the wonder of an increasing order for the ever expanding possibilities of our shrinking universe.

Mother, thank-you for your gifts of air, food, drink, shelter, and your Earth we all share. You have made these gifts possible by the growing order of our sun and earth as your shrinking self.

Thank-you for the outcomes that we share with others from the increasing order of the outcomes of each action of shrinking precursor matter.

Heavenly Father and Earthly Mother, help guide me in feeling the pleasure of discovering desirable outcomes with others with the precursor emotion of pleasure. Help me reduce anxiety over undesirable outcomes, have joy and reduce misery, have compassion and reduce free choice, find serenity and reduce anger, and feel pride and reduce shame.