Five Great Issues of Science

 Five Great Issues of Science

The five great issues of Science represent the purest Science driven by our curiosity, often termed basic research. These great issues represent the collective curiosity of humanity for all of recorded history and the economic sector Knowledge represents these great issues. In fact, the five great issues of Science are perpetual issues that Science will never completely resolve.

There are two great motions of the five issues of matter, action, life, free choice, and cosmos. The figure shows the motion of quantum phase coherence orders the complementary chaotic motion of classical entropy from the cosmic microwave background to the blackhole destiny. Matter is what makes up the universe while action is how the universe changes matter. Life is an evolution from the chaos of the disordered CMB matter to the ordered life of quantum coherence that gives us the feeling of free choice. We wonder about the origin of the cosmos since the chaos of entropy as well as the coherence of quantum phase make up the universe as complementary matter and action.

There are also many great problems of Science, that Science will eventually solve and so differ from the perpetual nature of the five great issues. The problems of Science are called applied Science, but some are also called basic Science. Among the problems of Science are:

1) Treating Cancer (Health);
2) Treating Heart Disease (Health);
3) Treating other Diseases (Health);
4) Placing People into Space (Knowledge);
5) Reducing Energy Costs (Energy);
6) Improving Transportation (Transportation);
7) Cleaning Up Defense Wastes (Security);
8) Maintaining Economic Stability (Money);
9) Reducing Human Environmental Impact (Environment);
10) Stabilizing Population Growth (Environment);
11) Maintaining World Peace (Security);
12) Maintaining National Defense (Security);
13) Harnessing Nuclear Energy (Energy);
14) Reducing Crime and Faction Conflicts (Security).

Civilization addresses the five issues and many problems of Science for innovation that improves wellbeing. After all, wellbeing includes the habitats of environment as well as the comforts of civilization.

Inflation from Printing Money Pays Debts

When the government prints money, inflation results 6 mos later as the figure shows and that inflation pays down government debt due to spending in excess of taxes. However, when you spend more than you make, inflation also helps you pay your debts to purchase things that benefit your future. A mortgage for a house or a loan for a car are both examples of debt financed purchases that benefit your future as long as your income less expenses is enough to make the loan payments. When your debt payments exceed income less expenses, you then become bankrupt and need to sell your house and car in order to survive. If you take on even more debt to remain solvent, that can only be a temporary solution since you would increasing total debt by using the new debt to repay the old debt.

A government collects taxes and other revenues to pay for its spending and borrows money to pay for its big projects. A government prints money and loans that money to banks for a small interest payment that then pays for printing and distributing the money. Banks then use that money for loans that the Banks charge interest and withdrawals that the banks pay interest. When a government spends more than its revenues, it must borrow money just to pay for  that excessive spending. The government prints money called bonds with a promise to pay interest in the future despite the extra cost of debt interest payments, which the government pays for with taxes and inflation. Roads, bridges, dams, and government buildings are all examples of debt purchases that benefit the future as long as taxes less expenses represents tolerable inflation. When government debt payments exceed taxation, government can then raise taxes or take on new debt to repay the old debt. A government takes on debt by simply printing money because the government bond debt is actually equivalent to printing money.

Banks need government printed money as cash to support consumer buying and selling and so banks must take on government debt just to support a producer-consumer economy. The cost of that government debt is in the interest payments for its bonds as well as in the inflation of consumer goods and services. In other words, in the absence of government taxation, inflation is how the producer consumer pays for government spending.

Both government taxes and inflation pay for government spending and so money is just the same promise to pay as are government bonds. While an investor must hold a bond until it matures before reclaiming it as cash, cash is then simply a government bond as money that a consumer can immediately reclaim as goods and services less inflation. The government withholds taxes on every paycheck and so holds that cash for the year.

When debt is inexpensive, producers and consumers borrow more and are therefore willing to pay more for goods and services and that increases inflation. However, producer borrowing more also increases economic growth just as consumer spending more also increases economic growth.

When debt cost is expensive, producers and consumers borrow less and so have less to spend for goods and services and that decreases inflation.

When the government prints money for spending in excess of revenues, inflation occurs as a government tax on producers and consumers to pay for that excessive government spending. A government printing more money than its economic growth will cause excess inflation until the government prints just enough money to sustain growth with acceptable inflation.

Acceptable inflation occurs when the economy is growing and producers and consumers believe the government is not printing money in excess of economic growth.

When the government spends more than its revenues, the government prints more money to pay for that excessive spending and that increases inflation, which then pays for that excessive spending.

When the government spends less than revenues, the government prints less money and that decreases inflation.

When government increases its interest rate, that makes consumer debt more expensive and so decreases inflation.

When government lowers its overnight interest rate, that makes producer and consumer debt less expensive and so increases inflation, but also growth.

Acceptable inflation occurs when the economy is growing and consumers believe the government can repay its debt. Inflation then is just enough to pay for the cost of money and to allow enough excess money for economic growth.

Update on discrete aether sunspot number prediction... beating NOAA like a rug...

 

The reported cycle 25 sunspot number agrees very well with the discrete aether prediction. The 11.4 lyr distances of Procyon and 61Cygni from the sun are responsible for the 11.4 yr convection cycle of sunspot activity that has been tracked since 1600.

The well-known dearth of sunspots at the Maunder Minimum in 1680 coincided with a very cold period known as the little ice age. The discrete aether model shows that the Maunder Minimum was due to a particular alignment of the 61Cygni double star orbit.

Variation of Fine-Structure Constant over Cosmic Time

In a collapsing universe, cosmic time is different from an atom time since atom time is never at rest given the evolution of collapse rate from zero at the cmb creation to the speed of light at the final blackhole destiny. The red shifts of galaxy look-back spectra in the collapsing universe, unlike an expanding universe, are then due to both galaxy cosmic age as well as the velocity of universe collapse. Blackhole horizons in the collapsing universe are no longer singularities even though they still stop atom time and still exist in the flow of cosmic time of collapse.

In the expanding universe of contemporary Science, cosmic time is the same as atom time at rest with a constant expansion, but atom time does depend on relative velocity and acceleration. According to Science, the red shifts of galaxy spectra are then due to increasing galaxy velocities with look-back time in the expanding universe. Blackhole singularity horizons, though, do stop atom time and yet still exist in the flow of cosmic time expansion.

While some constants of Science are constants in the collapsing universe, the fine-structure constant as well as the speed of light do vary with universe collapse, but the fine-structure splittings of distant galaxies still remain proportional to contemporary splittings. Many argue against universe collapse since the fine-structure splittings of distant galaxies are proportional to contemporary fine-structure splittings. However, the fine-structure splittings are proportional to ratio of transition energy and relativistic electron energy, E_n/(m_ec²), and this ratio is constant in the collapsing universe [see Griffiths and Schroeter, Introduction to QM, 2018, 7.3.2]. This is because while E_n and c both increase in the collapsing universe, m_e decreases over cosmic time.

The collapsing universe is Lorentz invariant and maintains the equivalence of mass and energy just as does the expanding universe relativity. But the speed of light varies in the collapsing universe since the speed of light reflects the universe collapse rate for each epoch and not for all epochs as in the expanding universe. The classical electron spin rate, c/α, in the collapsing universe is constant and so α the fine-structure constant varies in the same way as does c.

Radiant Quantum Gravity of the Milky Way

The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy made up of a supermassive black hole center, a central bar or bulge, and an outer spiral disk that is about three times the long axis of the inner bar. The Figure shows the bar and disk both simplified as rotating body pairs that radiate both scalar and vector gravity waves. The scalar gravity waves radiate outward from both bar and disk while the vector gravity waves couple disk to bar stars. The radiant vector gravity waves of the inner bar accelerate the outer disk stars and the radiant vector gravity wave of the disk decelerates the inner bar star rotations. The coupling of vector gravity then transfers angular momentum from slowing bar star rotations by accelerating disk star rotations. 

Thus, radiant quantum gravity satisfies the virial theorem without dark matter by transferring momentum from the bar to the disk stars. So no cold dark matter halo is needed around the galaxy to satisfy the virial theorem and instead, it is the coupling of vector gravity waves from bar to disk that satisfies the virial theorem without dark matter.

Unlike the very short range quantum forces of dipole radiation and single photon exchange, quantum gravity is a very long range force at the cosmic scale with quadrupole radiation and biphoton exchange. Quantum gravity includes not only scalar forces of mass between stars, but quantum gravity also includes vector forces that couple the motions of radiating stars.

The virial theorem is a simple statement that the potential energy bonding a set of bodies together must be equal to the kinetic energy of those bonded bodies. There are many cosmic examples like galaxies where the kinetic energies of stars of a galaxy do exceed the potential energy of Keplerian gravity, but do not exceed quantum gravity. Science has thus concluded that dark matter halos must make up over 95% of the mass of a galaxy even though there is no measurement for dark matter.

The relative motions of star matter gradients in the Milky Way result in gravity wave emission limited by the speed of light. It is the quadrupole wave emission of a moving mass gradient for Keplerian gravity that is also quantum vector gravity. Vector gravity couples the relative motions of Milky Way stars due to the matter gradient of star emissions and motion.

The Table shows matter gradient gravity waves from both static matter gradients as well as dynamic matter gradients from star emission. With just Keplerian gravity, the mass of the bar is 15% greater while its dipole emission is 21% lower than for quantum gravity. This results in a 10% increase in disk rotation velocity and an -8% decrease in bar rotation velocity.

The universe mass shell in effect maps all matter in the universe onto a two dimensional shell or hologram. As per the holographic principle, all of the information of the universe 3D volume encodes onto the 2D shell that is the universe boundary. Quantum gravity follows from this holographic principle.

Discrete Aether Quantum Gravity Radiation

 

Discrete aether quantum gravity between two bodies involves the photon exchange bonding of each body to the universe mass shell as the figure shows. Instead of gravity being a primary gravity field between bodies, aether quantum gravity is instead a residual force that emerges from the electromagnetic dispersive dipole-induced-dipole bonding of each body to the universe mass shell. When the two bodies orbit, like two blackholes or any two bodies, the rotation of their complementary binding photons results in emission of quadrupole radiation. The equation for discrete aether quantum gravity radiation is then the same as for quadrupole emission of gravity relativity. This shows that gravity relativity is completely consistent with the the quantum gravity of discrete aether.

The quadrupole radiation of a gravity orbit is inherently electromagnetic photon exchange in discrete aether and so there is no need for gravitons different from photons in discrete aether. Relativistic gravity radiation is then a dark radiation from discrete aether quadrupoles that have their dipole fields spread over the whole universe. This is because the complementary dipole photon separation for the quadrupole is on the order of the radius of the universe, 7.4e25 m.

The quadrupole radiation of a gravity orbit depends on its mass gradient, (m/a)⁵, as well as, to a lesser extent, the eccentricity of its orbit, ϵ. Spherical orbits have ϵ = 0 and so a rotating binary of equal masses has a simple expression where gravity radiation goes as the fifth power of its mass gradient.

For two orbiting bodies of very different masses like the Sun and Mercury or the stars of a galaxy, the expression becomes

For two radiating and orbiting bodies like a binary star of equal masses, there is an additional vector gravity term that is the ratio of radiation and relative velocity.

Table 1 shows characteristic dipole and quadruple emissions of the orbits of Sun-Mercury, Milky Way stars, blackhole merger, and the Sun in the Milky Way.

Mercury has the largest eccentricity of any planet in its orbit with the Sun and the perihelion advance of Mercury has long validated Einstein’s relativity. Mercury’s perihelion advance is a result of gravity quadrupole radiation as Table 1 shows that decays its orbit and increases its velocity. 

The emission of 5.2e-15 kg/s gravity quadrupole results in the Mercury orbit decay that is the perihelion advance. Since the same quadrupole emission occurs for discrete aether, the Mercury perihelion advance also validates discrete aether.

The Milky Way galaxy has a dipole luminosity of 4.3e19 kg/s, which is 1e10 x the Sun luminosity and due to its 2.5e11 stars. The gravity quadrupole Milky Way luminosity is much smaller at 1.3e15 kg/s than the dipole luminosity, but the much larger dipole luminosity also results in a quadrupole luminosity of 1.4e14 kg/s. This 13% increase in gravity wave emission decays all star orbits and therefore increases their orbital velocities just like the perihelion advance of Mercury.

The merger of two 6.0e31kg blackholes over 0.25 s results in quadrupole emissions of 3.0e29 kg/s at 1% of the total mass loss of the event. The onset of the inspiral occurs at r = 7.6e12 m, which is the point when the quadrupole radiation is just 1% of the total. There is also dipole emission from gravitation, but that emission is spread all over the universe.